In modern symphony orchestras, it is the second largest stringed instrument (the double bass is the largest). The term "violone" today usually refers to the lowest-pitched instrument of the viols, a family of stringed instruments that went out of fashion around the end of the 17th century in most countries except England and, especially, France, where they survived another half-century before the louder violin family came into greater favour in that country as well. Violone ("big viola") was a large-sized member of viol (viola da gamba) family or the violin ( viola da braccio) family. The name cello is derived from the ending of the Italian violoncello, which means "little violone". Cellos are found in many other ensembles, from modern Chinese orchestras to cello rock bands. Figured bass music of the Baroque era typically assumes a cello, viola da gamba or bassoon as part of the basso continuo group alongside chordal instruments such as organ, harpsichord, lute, or theorbo. As a solo instrument, the cello uses its whole range, from bass to soprano, and in chamber music such as string quartets and the orchestra's string section, it often plays the bass part, where it may be reinforced an octave lower by the double basses.
Played by a cellist or violoncellist, it enjoys a large solo repertoire with and without accompaniment, as well as numerous concerti. Music for the cello is generally written in the bass clef, with tenor clef, and treble clef used for higher-range passages. The viola's four strings are each an octave higher.
Its four strings are usually tuned in perfect fifths: from low to high, C 2, G 2, D 3 and A 3. The cello ( / ˈ tʃ ɛ l oʊ/ CHEL-oh), or violoncello ( / ˌ v aɪ əl ən ˈ tʃ ɛ l oʊ/ VY-ə-lən- CHEL-oh, Italian pronunciation: ), is a bowed (sometimes plucked and occasionally hit) string instrument of the violin family.
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